Django开发的简易留言板案例详解

本文实例讲述了Django开发的简易留言板。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：

Django在线留言板小练习

环境

ubuntu16.04 + python3 + django1.11

1、创建项目

django-admin.py startproject message

进入项目message

2、创建APP

python manager.py startapp guestbook

项目结构

.
├── guestbook
│   ├── admin.py
│   ├── apps.py
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── migrations
│   │   └── __init__.py
│   ├── models.py
│   ├── tests.py
│   └── views.py
├── manage.py
└── message
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── __pycache__
    │   ├── __init__.cpython-35.pyc
    │   └── settings.cpython-35.pyc
    ├── settings.py
    ├── urls.py
    └── wsgi.py

4 directories, 14 files

需要做的事：

配置项目setting 、初始化数据库、配置url 、编写views 、创建HTML文件

项目配置

打开message/settings.py

设置哪些主机可以访问,*代表所有主机

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]
INSTALLED_APPS = [
  'django.contrib.admin',
  'django.contrib.auth',
  'django.contrib.contenttypes',
  'django.contrib.sessions',
  'django.contrib.messages',
  'django.contrib.staticfiles',
  'guestbook',  #刚刚创建的APP，加入到此项目中
]
#数据库默认用sqlite3,后期可以换成MySQL或者SQL Server等
TIME_ZONE = 'PRC' #时区设置为中国

创建数据库字段

#encoding: utf-8
from django.db import models
class Message(models.Model):
  username=models.CharField(max_length=256)
  title=models.CharField(max_length=512)
  content=models.TextField(max_length=256)
  publish=models.DateTimeField()
  #为了显示
  def __str__(self):
    tpl = '<Message:[username={username}, title={title}, content={content}, publish={publish}]>'
    return tpl.format(username=self.username, title=self.title, content=self.content, publish=self.publish)

初始化数据库

# 1. 创建更改的文件
root@python:/online/message# python3 manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'guestbook':
 guestbook/migrations/0001_initial.py
  - Create model Message
# 2. 将生成的py文件应用到数据库
root@python:/online/message# python3 manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
 Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, guestbook, sessions
Running migrations:
 Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
 Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
 Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
 Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
 Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
 Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
 Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
 Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
 Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
 Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
 Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
 Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
 Applying guestbook.0001_initial... OK
 Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

配置url

设置项目message/urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url,include #添加了include
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
  url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
  url(r'^guestbook/', include('guestbook.urls',namespace='guestbook')),  #表示在url地址中所有guestbook的都交给guestbook下面的url来处理，后面的逗号不要省略
]

设置APP的url

如果是初次创建APP，urls.py在APP中一般不存在，创建即可

vim guestbook/urls.py

# 内容如下
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
  url(r'^index/',views.index,name='index'),  #不要忘了逗号
]

编写views

编辑APP中的views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from . import models
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
  messages = models.Message.objects.all()
  return render(request, 'guestbook/index.html', {'messages' : messages})

编写HTML文件

创建APP/templates/guestbook/index.html目录及文件

使用bootstrap美化了

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>留言板</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" crossorigin="anonymous">
  </head>
  <body>
    <table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-hover table-condensed">
      <thead>
        <tr class="danger">
          <th>留言时间</th>
          <th>留言者</th>
          <th>标题</th>
          <th>内容</th>
        </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
        {% if messages %}
          {% for message in messages %}
            <tr class="{% cycle 'active' 'success' 'warning' 'info' %}">
              <td>{{ message.publish|date:'Y-m-d H:i:s' }}</td>
              <td>{{ message.username }}</td>
              <td>{{ message.title }}</td>
              <td>{{ message.content }}</td>
            </tr>
          {% endfor %}
        {% else %}
          <tr>
            <td colspan="4">无数据</td>
          </tr>
        {% endif %}
      </tbody>
    </table> 
    <a class="btn btn-xs btn-info" href="/guestbook/create/" rel="external nofollow" >去留言</a>
  </body>
</html>

调试index页面

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:99

打开浏览器访问http://开发机器ip地址:99/guestbook/index/

留言展示页面成功

创建留言页面

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>留言</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" crossorigin="anonymous">
  </head>
  <body>
    <!-- 我是注释 -->
    <h3>留言</h3> <!--h1-> h6-->
    <!--method: POST /GET -->
    <form action="/guestbook/save/" method="POST" novalidate="novalidate">
    {% csrf_token %}
      <table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-hover table-condensed">
        <label>用户名:</label> <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="用户名" /> <br /><br />
        <label>标 题:</label> <input type="text" name="title" placeholder="标题" /><br /><br />
        <label>内 容:</label> <textarea name="content" placeholder="内容"> </textarea><br /><br />
      </table>
      <input class="btn btn-success" type="submit" value="留言"/>
    </form>
  </body>
</html>

配置APP下的url

vim guestbook/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
  url(r'^index/',views.index,name='index'),  #不要忘了逗号
  url(r'^create/$', views.create, name='create'),
  url(r'^save/$', views.save, name='save'), 
]

编辑views.py

#先导入时间模块
import datetime
#添加create、save
def create(request):
  return render(request, 'guestbook/create.html')
def save(request):
  username = request.POST.get("username")
  title = request.POST.get("title")
  content = request.POST.get("content")
  publish = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
  message = models.Message(title=title, content=content, username=username, publish=publish)
  message.save()
  return HttpResponseRedirect('/guestbook/index/')

OK，再次运行，enjoy it!